Top 10 Challenges Facing Africa's Agriculture Sector in 2025

In Summary

• According to Statista, the agricultural sector in Africa is projected to reach a value of US$189.07 billion in gross production by the end of 2025.
• The import value in the agricultural market is projected to amount to US$40.8bn in 2025, with an annual growth rate of 2.85% is expected (CAGR 2025–2029).
• The export value in the agricultural market is projected to amount to US$20.5bn in 2025, with an annual growth rate of 2.35% is expected (CAGR 2025–2029).

Deep dive!!

Agriculture remains a cornerstone of Africa's economy, employing over 60% of the population and contributing significantly to GDP in many countries. However, the sector faces numerous challenges that hinder its potential to ensure food security and drive economic growth.

A 2025 report by Statista reveals that Africa's agriculture sector faces numerous challenges, including climate change, access to financial services, and knowledge gaps. These issues are reflected in the projected gross production value of $189.07 billion for the sector in 2025.

The gross production value in the agricultural market is projected to amount to US$189.07bn by the end of 2025, with an annual growth rate of 0.63% (CAGR 2025-2029), resulting in a gross production value of US$193.88bn in 2029, it is evident that the sectors have great potentials to boost the economy of Africa.

Currently, the import value in the African agriculture market is projected to amount to US$40.8bn by the end of 2025, with an annual growth rate of 2.85% expected (CAGR 2025–2029). On the other hand, the export value is projected to amount to US$20.5bn within the same period, with an annual growth rate of 2.35% expected (CAGR 2025–2029).

However, it is important for us to admit that Africa’s agriculture sector stands at a critical crossroads. While the continent holds immense potential—with vast arable land, a growing youth population, and rising technological innovations—persistent structural and environmental challenges continue to inhibit growth. In this article, we explore the top ten challenges confronting Africa's agriculture sector in 2025, supported by recent data and insights.​

Here are the Top 10 Challenges Facing Africa's Agriculture Sector in 2025

1. Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events: Climate change poses a significant threat to African agriculture. Erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and extreme weather events disrupt planting and harvesting cycles, leading to reduced crop yields. For instance, in 2024, floods in Nigeria's Borno, Bauchi, Sokoto, and Jigawa states devastated approximately 700,000 hectares of farmland, severely impacting food production. ​
2. Low Agricultural Productivity: Despite having 60% of the world's uncultivated arable land, Africa's agricultural productivity remains low. Cereal yields average around 1.2 tonnes per hectare, compared to a global average of 3 tonnes. This low productivity is attributed to factors such as inadequate use of fertilizers, limited access to quality seeds, and insufficient mechanization. ​
3. Soil Degradation and Fertility Loss: Soil degradation is a pressing issue, with 65% of Africa's arable land affected by nutrient depletion and erosion. In Kenya, for example, 63% of arable land suffers from soil acidity, yet only 1–8% of farmers apply lime to mitigate this issue. The lack of soil fertility management practices leads to declining crop yields and threatens long-term agricultural sustainability. ​
4. Limited Access to Irrigation: Over 90% of Africa's agriculture relies on rain-fed systems, making it vulnerable to climate variability. Only 4% of agricultural land is equipped for irrigation, compared to 39% in South Asia. This dependence on rainfall limits the ability to cultivate crops year-round and exacerbates the impact of droughts. ​
5. Post-Harvest Losses: Post-harvest losses significantly reduce the availability of food and farmers' incomes. In Africa, up to 30% of food produced is lost due to inadequate storage, transportation, and processing facilities. These losses undermine food security and economic development. ​
6. High Input Costs and Limited Access to Finance: The high cost of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, and machinery, coupled with limited access to credit, hamper farmers' productivity. In Nigeria, rising input costs have forced many farmers to use low-quality seeds, resulting in reduced yields. Additionally, smallholder farmers often lack access to affordable financing options to invest in their farms. ​
7. Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure, including roads, storage facilities, and market access, impedes the efficient distribution of agricultural products. Africa has less than half the kilometers of roads per capita compared to the global average, limiting farmers' ability to access markets and services. ​
8. Pests and Diseases: Crop and livestock pests and diseases continue to threaten agricultural productivity. Outbreaks such as the Tuta absoluta (tomato leaf miner) and ginger blight have caused significant losses in recent years. In Nigeria, ginger blight disease led to a loss of approximately ₦12 billion in 2023. ​
9. Limited Adoption of Technology and Innovation: The adoption of modern agricultural technologies remains low across the continent. Factors such as limited access to information, inadequate extension services, and high costs hinder the uptake of innovations that could enhance productivity and resilience. Bridging this technology gap is essential for transforming Africa's agriculture. ​
10. Policy and Institutional Challenges: Weak policy frameworks, inadequate investment in agriculture, and limited coordination among stakeholders impede the sector's growth. Addressing these institutional challenges requires comprehensive reforms, increased public and private sector investment, and the implementation of supportive policies to drive agricultural development. ​

Conclusion

Addressing these challenges demands a holistic, data-driven, and multi-stakeholder approach. First, investment in climate-smart agriculture is no longer optional—it is a necessity. Governments, private sector players, and international partners must prioritize adaptive practices, resilient seed varieties, and sustainable water management systems. Also, strengthening agricultural financing mechanisms is essential to empower smallholder farmers, who produce over 80% of the continent’s food, but often lack access to credit and markets.

Apart from investment, the role of governance and policy cannot be overstated. Policymakers must commit to long-term, evidence-based strategies, foster public-private partnerships, and create enabling environments for agribusiness innovation. Regional cooperation through trade facilitation and agricultural knowledge sharing can also enhance resilience and competitiveness.

While the challenges facing Africa's agriculture sector in 2025 are significant, they are not insurmountable. With the right mix of political will, technological innovation, targeted investment, and inclusive policy, Africa can not only feed itself but also become a global powerhouse in agricultural production and export. The time for bold, coordinated action is now.